This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Open Play Friday, August 22, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Meeting Room at Princess Anne Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a traditionally structured program. This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri Baby Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Area Library Library Branch: Princess Anne Area Library Room: Princess Anne Meeting Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a traditionally structured program.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Open Play Friday, August 22, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Joint-Use Storytime Room at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a structured program. Ages 3 to 24 months with caregiver. This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri Baby Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Storytime Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a structured program. Ages 3 to 24 months with caregiver.
This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Kids Craft Club Friday, August 22, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts Age Group: Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 : Join us for a morning of crafting fun! Bring your own project or start something new. All craft supplies are provided. Grades K-5. Registration is required. Required This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri Kids Craft Club 10:00am - 11:30am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 Program Type: Arts & Crafts Required Seats Remaining: 20 Details: Join us for a morning of crafting fun! Bring your own project or start something new. All craft supplies are provided. Grades K-5. Registration is required.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. StoryWalk®: What If... Friday, August 22, 2025 at 10:00am - 5:00pm Kempsville Outside at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri StoryWalk®: What If... 10:00am - 5:00pm Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Outside Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Details: Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story.
This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Art a la Cart Friday, August 22, 2025 at 12:00pm - 4:30pm Princess Anne Commons Area at Princess Anne Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, STEAM Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years), Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 : Drop-in for a fun craft for your family to enjoy! All supplies are provided. Family. Registration is not required. This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri Art a la Cart 12:00pm - 4:30pm Princess Anne Area Library Library Branch: Princess Anne Area Library Room: Princess Anne Commons Area Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years), Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, STEAM Details: Drop-in for a fun craft for your family to enjoy! All supplies are provided. Family. Registration is not required.
This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Crafty Book Fridays: Love Monster by Rachel Bright Friday, August 22, 2025 at 3:30pm - 4:15pm Oceanfront Children's Area at Oceanfront Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years), Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 : Come and join our Crafty Book Fridays where we will have a Storytime based on a popular book, book series, or author followed by a themed craft. Ages 2-12 with caregiver. Registration is required. Required This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Aug 22 2025 Fri Crafty Book Fridays: Love Monster by Rachel Bright 3:30pm - 4:15pm Oceanfront Area Library Library Branch: Oceanfront Area Library Room: Oceanfront Children's Area Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years), Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 15 Details: Come and join our Crafty Book Fridays where we will have a Storytime based on a popular book, book series, or author followed by a themed craft. Ages 2-12 with caregiver. Registration is required.
This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Beginner Book Tasting Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:00am Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Grades K-2 : Wondering what the "just right" books are for your early reader? Trying to practice sight words? Just trying to find some great books to motivate a reluctant reader? Join us for this book talk that will highlight the best from ou Required This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat Beginner Book Tasting 10:00am - 11:00am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Grades K-2 Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 20 Details: Wondering what the "just right" books are for your early reader? Trying to practice sight words? Just trying to find some great books to motivate a reluctant reader? Join us for this book talk that will highlight the best from ou
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Finger Gym Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:00am Joint-Use Storytime Room at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Get those fingers working! Build hand/eye coordination and muscles in your child's hand. Practice skills like cutting with scissors, writing, and drawing with fun learning activities. Ages 3-7 with caregiver. Required This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat Finger Gym 10:00am - 11:00am TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Storytime Room Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 12 Details: Get those fingers working! Build hand/eye coordination and muscles in your child's hand. Practice skills like cutting with scissors, writing, and drawing with fun learning activities. Ages 3-7 with caregiver.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. StoryWalk®: What If... Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:00am Kempsville Outside at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat StoryWalk®: What If... 10:00am - 11:00am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Outside Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Details: Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story.
This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Bricks at the Beach Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Joint-Use Living Room at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Hobbies Age Group: Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 : Use your imagination to build creations out of stackable bricks and other materials. Grades K-5. Registration is not required. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat Bricks at the Beach 10:00am - 11:30am TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Living Room Age Group: Grades K-2, Grades 3-5 Program Type: Hobbies Details: Use your imagination to build creations out of stackable bricks and other materials. Grades K-5. Registration is not required.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. This event is in the "Grades 6-8" group. This event is in the "Grades 9-12" group. Back to School Send-Off Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 11:00am - 1:00pm Kempsville Outside at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5, Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12 : Celebrate the end of summer at our Back to School Send-Off! Join us at our outdoor event featuring a Storywalk of What If, fun family activities, community resources, and VBPL's Bookmobile. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. This event is in the "Grades 6-8" group. This event is in the "Grades 9-12" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat Back to School Send-Off 11:00am - 1:00pm Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Outside Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2, Grades 3-5, Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12 Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Celebrate the end of summer at our Back to School Send-Off! Join us at our outdoor event featuring a Storywalk of What If, fun family activities, community resources, and VBPL's Bookmobile.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. StoryWalk®: What If... Saturday, August 23, 2025 at 1:00pm - 5:00pm Kempsville Outside at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story. This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 23 2025 Sat StoryWalk®: What If... 1:00pm - 5:00pm Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Outside Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Books & Authors Details: Join us for a StoryWalk® featuring What If... by Samantha Berger. Engage in fun activities while you read the story and explore outdoors! While supplies last, take home a craft that goes along with the story.
This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Toddler Open Play Monday, August 25, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Joint-Use Storytime Room at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Onesies (12-24 months), Toddlers (2-3 years) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This is a social event for both caregiver and child, as opposed to a traditionally structured program. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Aug 25 2025 Mon Toddler Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Storytime Room Age Group: Onesies (12-24 months), Toddlers (2-3 years) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This is a social event for both caregiver and child, as opposed to a traditionally structured program.
This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. This event is in the "Grades 6-8" group. This event is in the "Grades 9-12" group. This event is in the "Adults 18+" group. JUL/VB Chess Club Monday, August 25, 2025 at 4:30pm - 6:30pm Joint-Use Marketplace South at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Hobbies Age Group: Grades 3-5, Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12, Adults 18+ : Rotating competition is organized by the club coordinator. Knowledge of chess rules is required; limited instruction may be provided for beginners. Chess equipment has been generously donated by Virginia Chess Federation, private donor This event is in the "Grades 3-5" group. This event is in the "Grades 6-8" group. This event is in the "Grades 9-12" group. This event is in the "Adults 18+" group. Aug 25 2025 Mon JUL/VB Chess Club 4:30pm - 6:30pm TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Marketplace South Age Group: Grades 3-5, Grades 6-8, Grades 9-12, Adults 18+ Program Type: Hobbies Details: Rotating competition is organized by the club coordinator. Knowledge of chess rules is required; limited instruction may be provided for beginners. Chess equipment has been generously donated by Virginia Chess Federation, private donor
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Sensory Storytime Tuesday, August 26, 2025 at 9:30am - 10:15am Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Enjoy a small-group storytime designed to allow children to explore a variety of sensory experiences. Required This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 26 2025 Tue Sensory Storytime 9:30am - 10:15am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 8 Details: Enjoy a small-group storytime designed to allow children to explore a variety of sensory experiences.
This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Toddler Open Play Tuesday, August 26, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Meeting Room at Princess Anne Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Onesies (12-24 months), Toddlers (2-3 years) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This is a social event for both caregiver and child, as opposed to a traditionally structured program. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Aug 26 2025 Tue Toddler Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Area Library Library Branch: Princess Anne Area Library Room: Princess Anne Meeting Room Age Group: Onesies (12-24 months), Toddlers (2-3 years) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This is a social event for both caregiver and child, as opposed to a traditionally structured program.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Builder's Lab Wednesday, August 27, 2025 at 10:30am - 12:00pm Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: STEAM Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : Cool technology, non-traditional building materials and designing your own blueprints are all part of this STEM based program. Ages 3-7. Registration is required. Required This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 27 2025 Wed Builder's Lab 10:30am - 12:00pm Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: STEAM Required Seats Remaining: 12 Details: Cool technology, non-traditional building materials and designing your own blueprints are all part of this STEM based program. Ages 3-7. Registration is required.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Paint & Play Thursday, August 28, 2025 at 10:00am - 10:30am Pungo-Blackwater Storytime Room at Pungo-Blackwater Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Bring your babies to explore different artistic styles. Please come dressed in attire that can get messy. Ages 6-24 months with caregiver. Registration is required. Required This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 28 2025 Thu Baby Paint & Play 10:00am - 10:30am Pungo-Blackwater Library Library Branch: Pungo-Blackwater Library Room: Pungo-Blackwater Storytime Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Arts & Crafts Required Seats Remaining: 8 Details: Bring your babies to explore different artistic styles. Please come dressed in attire that can get messy. Ages 6-24 months with caregiver. Registration is required.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Lullaby Love Thursday, August 28, 2025 at 11:00am - 11:30am Kempsville Storytime Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Join us for a gentle sing along that celebrates the special bond between caregiver and baby. Required This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 28 2025 Thu Lullaby Love 11:00am - 11:30am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Storytime Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 12 Details: Join us for a gentle sing along that celebrates the special bond between caregiver and baby.
This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Just 2's Music Makers Friday, August 29, 2025 at 9:30am - 10:00am Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years) : There are lots of ways to make music. Join us as we use a variety of instruments, our voices and our bodies. Feel free to bring in your own instruments from home. You will make your own instrument to take home. Age 2. Required This event is in the "Toddlers (2-3 years)" group. Aug 29 2025 Fri Just 2's Music Makers 9:30am - 10:00am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Toddlers (2-3 years) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 15 Details: There are lots of ways to make music. Join us as we use a variety of instruments, our voices and our bodies. Feel free to bring in your own instruments from home. You will make your own instrument to take home. Age 2.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Open Play Friday, August 29, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Meeting Room at Princess Anne Area Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a traditionally structured program. This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 29 2025 Fri Baby Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am Princess Anne Area Library Library Branch: Princess Anne Area Library Room: Princess Anne Meeting Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a traditionally structured program.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Open Play Friday, August 29, 2025 at 10:00am - 11:30am Joint-Use Storytime Room at TCC/City Joint-Use Library Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a structured program. Ages 3 to 24 months with caregiver. This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 29 2025 Fri Baby Open Play 10:00am - 11:30am TCC/City Joint-Use Library Library Branch: TCC/City Joint-Use Library Room: Joint-Use Storytime Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Storytimes & Early Learning Details: Enjoy a warm and inviting space where you and your child can play and socialize with others in the community. Please note: This program is for both caregiver and child, and is not a structured program. Ages 3 to 24 months with caregiver.
This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Preschool Music Makers Friday, August 29, 2025 at 10:30am - 11:15am Kempsville Meeting Room at Kempsville Area Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Storytimes & Early Learning Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 : There are lots of ways to make music. Join us as we use a variety of instruments, our voices and our bodies. Feel free to bring in your own instruments from home. You will make your own instrument to take home. Ages 3-7. Required This event is in the "Preschool (3-5 years)" group. This event is in the "Grades K-2" group. Aug 29 2025 Fri Preschool Music Makers 10:30am - 11:15am Kempsville Area Library Library Branch: Kempsville Area Library Room: Kempsville Meeting Room Age Group: Preschool (3-5 years), Grades K-2 Program Type: Arts & Crafts, Storytimes & Early Learning Required Seats Remaining: 15 Details: There are lots of ways to make music. Join us as we use a variety of instruments, our voices and our bodies. Feel free to bring in your own instruments from home. You will make your own instrument to take home. Ages 3-7.
This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Baby Paint & Play Saturday, August 30, 2025 at 10:00am - 10:30am Pungo-Blackwater Storytime Room at Pungo-Blackwater Library Program Type: Arts & Crafts Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) : Bring your babies to explore different artistic styles. Please come dressed in attire that can get messy. Ages 6-24 months with caregiver. Registration is required. Required This event is in the "Babies (3-12 months)" group. This event is in the "Onesies (12-24 months)" group. Aug 30 2025 Sat Baby Paint & Play 10:00am - 10:30am Pungo-Blackwater Library Library Branch: Pungo-Blackwater Library Room: Pungo-Blackwater Storytime Room Age Group: Babies (3-12 months), Onesies (12-24 months) Program Type: Arts & Crafts Required Seats Remaining: 8 Details: Bring your babies to explore different artistic styles. Please come dressed in attire that can get messy. Ages 6-24 months with caregiver. Registration is required.
